Yuanmingyuan Palace, also known as the Old Summer Palace, is a complex of imperial gardens and palaces located in the northwest of Beijing. It was constructed between 1709 and 1745 during the reign of the Qing dynasty emperors, and served as the main imperial residence of the Qianlong and Xianfeng emperors. It is one of the most important historical sites in China, and has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
History of the Yuanmingyuan Palace
The Yuanmingyuan Palace was first built in 1709 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. It was then expanded by the Yongzheng Emperor and the Qianlong Emperor, who added the gardens and pavilions. The complex reached its peak during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, and was considered to be one of the most magnificent imperial residences in the world.
During the Second Opium War in 1860, the palace was looted and destroyed by the Anglo-French Allied forces. It has since been left in ruins, and its remains are now open to the public as a historic park.
Architecture of the Yuanmingyuan Palace
The Yuanmingyuan Palace is a vast complex, with over 400 buildings, pavilions, gardens, and lakes. It was built in the Chinese style, with traditional Chinese elements such as bridges, pavilions, temples, lakes, and gardens. The complex was divided into three main sections: the Front Court, the Middle Court, and the Rear Court.
Front Court
The Front Court was the first section of the complex and was located closest to the main gate. It was where the emperor would receive foreign dignitaries. It was made up of a large number of buildings, pavilions, and gardens.
Middle Court
The Middle Court was located in the middle of the complex and was the main living area for the emperor and his family. It was made up of a number of palaces, pavilions, and gardens.
Rear Court
The Rear Court was located furthest from the main gate and was used as the emperor’s private retreat. It was made up of a number of pavilions, temples, and gardens.
Gardens of the Yuanmingyuan Palace
The Yuanmingyuan Palace was renowned for its beautiful gardens. The gardens were divided into three main categories: the natural gardens, the artificial gardens, and the monumental gardens.
- Natural Gardens: These gardens were made up of natural elements such as plants, rocks, and water. They were designed to be in harmony with nature and to provide a peaceful atmosphere.
- Artificial Gardens: These gardens were made up of man-made elements such as sculptures, pavilions, and buildings. They were designed to be aesthetically pleasing and to provide a sense of grandeur.
- Monumental Gardens: These gardens were made up of large-scale structures such as temples, palaces, and pavilions. They were designed to be imposing and to provide a sense of awe.
Legacy of the Yuanmingyuan Palace
The Yuanmingyuan Palace is one of the most important historical sites in China. Its legacy is still felt today, with many of its features being recreated in other gardens and parks around the world. Its ruins still stand as a reminder of the grandeur of the Qing dynasty and of the tragedy of its destruction.